Promises in JavaScript

A Promise is an object representing the eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation. It provides a more manageable alternative to callbacks for handling async tasks.

1. Promise States

A Promise can be in one of three states:

• Pending: The initial state; the operation is ongoing.
• Fulfilled: The operation completed successfully, with a result.
• Rejected: The operation failed, with an error.

2. Creating a Promise

• resolve(value) → Marks the promise as fulfilled.
• reject(reason) → Marks the promise as rejected.

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  // Async operation here
  const success = true; // example condition
  if (success) {
    resolve("Operation successful!");
  } else {
    reject("Operation failed!");
  }
});

3. Consuming Promises

a) .then()

• Handles the fulfilled result of the Promise.
• Optionally handles rejection (if no .catch is used).

promise.then(result => {
  console.log(result); // "Operation successful!"
});

b) .catch()

Handles errors (rejections) from the Promise or any preceding .then.

promise.catch(error => {
  console.error(error); // "Operation failed!"
});

c) .finally()

Runs a callback regardless of whether the Promise is fulfilled or rejected.

promise.finally(() => {
  console.log("Promise settled");
});

4. Chaining Promises

You can chain multiple .then() calls. Each .then() returns a new promise.

new Promise((resolve) => {
  resolve(5);
})
  .then(result => result * 2)
  .then(result => result + 3)
  .then(result => console.log(result)); // 13

5. Handling Errors in Chains

Errors propagate down the chain until a .catch() handles them.

new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  reject("Something went wrong");
})
  .then(result => console.log(result))
  .catch(error => console.error("Caught:", error)); // "Caught: Something went wrong"

6. Promise Combinators

a) Promise.all(iterable)

Waits for all promises to fulfill; rejects if any promise rejects.

Promise.all([
  Promise.resolve(1),
  Promise.resolve(2),
  Promise.resolve(3)
]).then(results => console.log(results)); // [1, 2, 3]

b) Promise.allSettled(iterable)

Waits for all promises to settle (fulfilled or rejected) and returns their results.

Promise.allSettled([
  Promise.resolve(1),
  Promise.reject("Error"),
]).then(results => console.log(results));
/*
[
  { status: 'fulfilled', value: 1 },
  { status: 'rejected', reason: 'Error' }
]
*/

c) Promise.race(iterable)

Returns the result of the first promise to settle (fulfilled or rejected).

Promise.race([
  new Promise(res => setTimeout(() => res("A"), 1000)),
  new Promise(res => setTimeout(() => res("B"), 500))
]).then(result => console.log(result)); // "B"

d) Promise.any(iterable)

Returns the first fulfilled promise; ignores rejected promises (ES2021+).

Promise.any([
  Promise.reject("Error1"),
  Promise.resolve("Success"),
  Promise.reject("Error2")
]).then(result => console.log(result)); // "Success"

7. Converting Callbacks to Promises

Many old-style callback APIs can be wrapped in promises:

function delay(ms) {
  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}

delay(1000).then(() => console.log("1 second passed"));

8. Async/Await Syntax with Promises

async/await provides syntactic sugar for handling promises in a synchronous-like manner.

async function fetchData() {
  try {
    const response = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data");
    const data = await response.json();
    console.log(data);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error("Error:", error);
  }
}
fetchData();